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ANALYSIS OF LAND-USE CHANGE IMPACT ON SOIL EROSION VULNERABILITY IN THE TRANSBOUNDARY SIO-MALABA-MALAKISI CATCHMENT OF KENYA AND UGANDA

(TUK, 2024-08-27) ATONYA STANLEY CHASIA

ABSTRACT Changes in land surface conditions affect hydrological processes which have important feedback on regional climate and local ecosystems. It is therefore essential to assess space-time alterations in land-surface conditions to support hydrological impact assessment and integrated environmental management. This study evaluated the impact, and extent of present and future land-use/cover (LULC) changes on soil erosion and sediment deposition, to develop a framework for managing soil erosion in the transboundary catchment of Sio-Malaba-Malakisi (SMM). This was achieved through four objectives: First, historical LULC conditions for SMM were analyzed, to understand historical trends in LULC state for the area. This was accomplished by analyzing archived Landsat satellite data for the period 1986 – 2017, using a hybrid image classification technique that clustered individual satellite images using the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique algorithm; the Maximum Likelihood Function was then used to assign image pixels into land-cover classes with the highest probability. Thereafter, transition matrices were applied to the classified maps to identify space-time alterations. An overall classification accuracy of between 84 % – 88 % was obtained for all the years, and kappa statistic values ranging between 0.80 – 0.86 were realized, indicating a strong correlation between classified results and the actual LULC map. It was also noted that approximately 12 % of mixed forest cover declined, while cropland area increased by 30% over the period 1995 – 2008. The second objective, modelled future LULC conditions using two conceptual scenarios plausible in the study area. This was important to understand how future land-use (LU) scenarios could affect soil erosion dynamics in the study region. The scenarios studied represented options for agricultural expansion (Scenario I), and land reclamation (Scenario II). To achieve this, the potential LULC driving factors, which were estimated from physical datasets in a Geographical Information System (GIS), were identified and analyzed. The datasets and concerned factors were thereafter applied within the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at small regional extent (CLUE-s) modelling framework to simulate potential LULC change trajectories between the period 2017 and 2047, representing thirty years prioritized for catchment conservation by the local managers. The results of this objective indicated that Scenario I could lead to an increase in the cropland area by 24 %, covering approximately 62 % of the whole basin area by 2047. Scenario II indicated a 30 % increase in forest cover, indicating an improvement in forest recovery, and restoration of ecosystem area. The third objective of the study, analyze soil erosion and deposition patterns consequent to current and projected LU change scenarios in the basin. The Unit Stream Power-based Erosion Deposition (USPED) model, capable of accounting for potential impacts of present and future change-effects on erosion and deposition patterns across the basin was adopted and applied. Considering limitations about consistently harmonized land-cover datasets, a classified LU map for the year 2017 was used to simulate the baseline reference situation from where the effects of the two LU scenarios for the period 2027 to 2047 were compared. The results of this objective indicated that the study area recorded high erosion rates in the upper sub-catchments of Lwakhakha and Malakisi, while sediment deposition was mainly concentrated along stream banks and floodplain zones where Mpologoma and Malaba sub-catchments are located. When compared to the reference year (2017), the erosion rate for Scenario I increased by 16.3 %, while that of Scenario II decreased by 61.2 %. Further, a coefficient determination (𝑅2) value of 0.74 was recorded in the study, depicting a strong relationship between USPED-modelled results and total suspended sediments recorded for the basin. The fourth and final objective of the study evaluated soil erosion vulnerable areas by estimating the annual rate of soil erosion, and their zonal spatial distribution to propose targeted conservation strategies recommended for appropriate soil conservation practices in the affected areas. The annual soil loss for the SMM basin was thus estimated by analysing physical parameters driving soil erosion using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). The study recorded a maximum soil loss rate of approximately 5,703 t ha-1 yr-1 for SMM. High erosion rates (>50 t ha-1 yr-1) were recorded in the sub-catchments of Lwakhakha and Malakisi, representing a high severity class for soil conservation prioritization. Overall, the findings of this study present important empirical baseline information which could support the development of appropriate land and water management programs in the region, as well as establishing a policy framework for governing the transboundary water resource.

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NUTRITIONAL APPRAISAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC MODEL TO ENHANCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HOME-GROWN SCHOOL-FEEDING PROGRAMME IN MAKUENI COUNTY, KENYA

(TUK, 2024-09) KIMWELE ANGELICA MUENI

ABSTRACT The Home-Grown School Feeding Programme (HGSFP) is an initiative to provide locally purchased food to schoolchildren. There is a body of literature on HGSFP, but not much on how successfully it is being implemented or how it influences children' dietary intake. Therefore, the objectives of this study; assessed differences in consumption of vitamin A and iron-rich foods, dietary diversity score, and nutritional status, of children in and not in schools implementing HGSFP, explored stakeholders’ roles and challenges in the implementation of HGSFP, then solicited their opinions on possible strategies to improve the HGSFP. A model to enhanced implementation of HGSFP in Makueni County was then developed. This study done in two phases. During phase I, cross- sectional concurrent mixed method approach was used to collect quantitative data and qualitative data. Phase II was the development of a model. A researcher-administered questionnaire to a random sample of 288 schoolchildren collected quantitative data. Responses from four Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and six Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with primary stakeholders of the HGSFP provided qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected using a 24-hour food frequency questionnaire with index child/caregivers on consumption of vitamin A, iron-rich foods, and individual dietary diversity. Analysis was done based on FAO (2010) guidelines and using Statistical Package for Social Science (Version 20.0). Fisher’s exact tests and independent t-tests were conducted to investigate differences of variables for children in and not in schools implementing HGSFP. Qualitative data from FGDS and KIIs was coded and organised into themes using Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner Lite software. Overall, there were no significant differences in the proportion of children in and not in schools implementing HGSFP who consumed vitamin A and iron-rich foods (75.7 % vs 69.4% and 22.9% vs 16.0% P = 0.635, respectively). A significant percentage (P<0.01) and a high proportion of children (33.4%) from HGSFP-implementing schools achieved minimum dietary diversity score (consumed foods from ≥ five (5) food groups), compared to (17.3%) those in schools without the feeding programme. Children in schools implementing HGSFP had significant (P<0.0001) higher rates of overweight and obesity (7.6%, 0.7% vs 16.7%, 6.9% respectively) and low rates of underweight and severe underweight (7.6%, 7.6% vs 2.8%, 1.4% respectively. School head teachers served as managers, accountants, and procurement officers in the implementation of HGSFP. Parents supported the implementation of HGSFP by providing cash, water and firewood. The school meal management committee served as the accounting and procurement officers in conjunction with the head teachers. A government representative supervised the operation of the feeding programme. As identified by stakeholders, the challenges facing the implementation of HGSFP in Makueni County were insufficient funding, lack of procurement experience, inadequate and low-quality food supply, selective programme coverage,and lengthy procurement procedures. 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The Moderating Effect of Ethical Values in the Relationship between Competitive Strategies and Performance of Accredited Universities in Kenya

(International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2025-05-28) Wacuka, Cecilia, Gathitu; K’Obonyo, Peter; Machuki, Vincent N.; Njihia, James M.

Accredited universities in Kenya have experienced dynamic growth and challenges among them ethical concerns that touch on the quality, relevance of university curricula and capacity to pursue research effectively over years (GoK, 2019; World Bank, 2020). The objective of this study was to examine the influence of ethical values on the relationship between competitive strategies and performance of accredited universities in Kenya. The corresponding hypothesis stated that ethical values have no significant moderating influence on the relationship between competitive strategies and performance of accredited universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on the stakeholder’s theory and complemented by virtue ethics theory. The research was grounded on the positivist philosophy. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design targeting a population of 53 accredited universities in Kenya was applied. Primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires. The response rate from completed questionnaires was 66.6%. Data was analyzed using step wise regression analysis. Findings from this study were that ethical values did not moderate significantly the relationship between competitive strategies and performance of accredited universities in Kenya. Future research could include other respondents such as staff and students to eliminate single source bias to enrich the study. Other methods such as longitudinal design could offer richer data and greatly support the research design and the outcomes

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The Mediating Effect of Competitive Advantage on the Relationship between Competitive Strategies and Performance of Accredited Universities in Kenya

(African Journal of Emerging Issues (AJOEI), 2024-07) Wacuka, Cecilia, Gathitu; K’Obonyo, Peter; Machuki, Vincent, N.; Njihia, James, M

Research Objective: The objective of this research was to examine the mediating effect of competitive advantage in the relationship between competitive strategies and performance of accredited universities in Kenya. Research Methodology: The study was anchored on Industrial organization theory basing on structure conduct paradigm, advanced by Porter (1986). Positivism provided the philosophical foundation. The population of the research comprised 53 accredited universities in Kenya. This was a census survey. Descriptive cross-sectional research design was used. Primary data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The respondents were academic registrars from both public and private accredited universities. Four path analysis model by Baron and Kenny’s (1986) was applied in the data analysis. Results and Findings: The research outcomes revealed that competitive advantage partially mediated the relationship between competitive strategies and performance of accredited universities in Kenya. Implication of the study: The study findings are useful to strategic management practitioners and managers from accredited universities in Kenya, policymakers in government as well as scholars and researchers Key words: Competitive strategies, competitive advantage and organizational performance

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The Joint Effect of Competitive Strategies, Competitive Advantage, Ethical Values, And Corporate Reputation on Performance of Accredited Universities in Kenya

(Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom, 2024-05-25) Wacuka, Cecilia, Gathitu; K’Obonyo, Peter; Machuki, Vincent, N.; Njihia, James, M.

The broad objective of the study was to determine the joint effect of competitive strategies, competitive advantage, ethical values and corporate reputation on performance of accredited universities in Kenya. The corresponding null hypothesis stated that the joint effect of competitive strategies, competitive advantage, ethical values and corporate reputation on performance of accredited universities in Kenya is not significantly different from the independent effects of predictor variables. This study was anchored on Industrial (Economics) organization theory, Stakeholders’ theory, Resource-based theory and Virtue’s ethics theory. Descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. The population of the study comprised 53 accredited universities. To collect data, semi structured questionnaires were used due to the covid-19 situation while a few were dropped and picked back. Data analysis used regression models. Findings from the test of hypotheses showed that the joint effect of competitive strategies, competitive advantage, ethical values and corporate reputation on performance is significantly different from the independent effects of predictor variables. The significant findings implied that the null hypothesis was rejected. The study outcomes contributed to theory, policy and management practice. The four theories validated outcomes of the study. Policy makers in the Ministry of higher education, Commission for University Education and university managers were recommended to establish a policy framework that observes ethical practices; quality programs and reliable training and research and adoption of competitive strategies such a market penetration, strategic alliances, product development focus strategy, differentiation and cost leadership in that order. A single respondent who was deemed to introduce bias in choosing suitable responses was said to limit the study. Questionnaires reduced subjectivism in statement responses. Longitudinal design for generalizability of results was suggested for future studies Keywords: Competitive strategies, competitive advantage, ethical values, corporate reputation and performance of accredited universities in Kenya.