Theses & Dissertations
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Item Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Natural Convection in an Enclosure(1994) Gatheri, Francis KimaniItem The use of indigenous Kenyan children's songs for the development of a music curriculum and pedagogy for the primary school in Kenya(1997) Akuno, EAMusic education in Kenya has been characterised by the teaching of Western musical literacy and a curriculum content with a Western classical bias. To date, few students graduate with sufficient music making skills, and even less pursue training at higher levels. The research aimed to formulate a learning programme that would make music education successful for Kenyans, through a curriculum content and pedagogy that would promote Kenya's cultural heritage while ensuring pupils' development of musical knowledge and skills. Firstly, an analytical survey of past and current music teaching practices in Kenya revealed the deficiencies in the music education programmes. Secondly, a critique of the Kodaly, Curwen, Eurythmics, Orff and Music in the National Curriculum (England) programmes identified the elements that contribute to their success. These were evaluated for their suitability to Kenya's educational environment. Field trials with Kenyan pupils used musical elements derived from indigenous Kenyan children's songs to teach musical concepts and skills. The collection of indigenous Kenyan children's songs involved recording live children's performances and iterviews with adults. Transcribing the songs using staff notation facilitated a rhythmic and melodic analysis, while a study of the texts gave insight into the songs' cultural functions. The musical elements characteristic of these songs were used to design the Rhythm-Interval Approach (RIA), a music teaching programme focusing on the use of rhythm and interval to teach musical concepts and skills. The study resulted in the postulation of the elemental theory of music; aesthetic functionalism as a culture-sensitive view of African music; the Rhythm-Interval curriculum model; and a primary school music curriculum based on indigenous Kenyan children's songs.Item Decision quality: the impact of process redesign as an intangible, benefit on information technology investment decisions(2001) Atieno, Anne NdedeIT investment decisions often focus on tangible costs and benefits such as technical, strategic, and financial issues. Less tangible benefits such as process redesign integration, bave been largely ignored. Decisions makers who rely solely on these tangible costs and benefits for their assessment of IT investment value without integrating intangible benefit consideration may be making sub-optimal decisions and investments. This study looked at rhe important, yet often overlooked, intangible benefits consideration in the IT investment decision process with particular focus on process redesign as an intangible benefit. Survey questionnaires were sent out to a sample of 949 firms in three industries: healthcare, chemical, and insurance to solicit information from the chief information officer (CIo) on the level at which they integrate process redesign consideration in the IT inr-eshnent decision. Several important findings resulted from this research effort. First, the study irm"nr;fied seven component factors of process redesign and used these factors to measure the M of process redesign integration into the IT investment decision. Second, the study mfirmed, empirically, that there was an association between the consideration of tangible and intangible benefits. Those firms that expend large effort or resources towards tangible benef,rts consideration also spend more effort or resources toward intangible benefits consideration than otherwise. Third, it was empiricaliy determined that certain process redesign benefit factors received greater consideration than others. Fourth, it was determined #mr decision makers considered tangible benefits to be more important than intangible hmefits consideration and expended a greater portion of effort or resources towards the mideration of the former. Finally, this study found that the strategic relevance of IT in an orgAnization was associated with the level of effort or resoulce deployment towards inrangible benefits. Additional areas for further research were also identified.Item The nonnegative P 0 -matrix completion problem.(2003) Choi, Ji Young; Dealba, Luz Maria; Hogben, Leslie; Kivunge, Benard M; Nordstrom, Sandra K; Shedenhelm, MikeIn this paperthe nonnegative P 0 -matrix completion problem is considered. It is shown that a pattern for 4 × 4 matrices that includes all diagonal positions has nonnegative P 0 - completion if and only if its digraph is complete when it has a 4-cycle. It is also shown that any positionally symmetric pattern that includes all diagonal positions and whose graph is an n -cycle has nonnegative P 0 -completion if and only if n =4.Item Subloops of sedenions(2004) Kivunge, Benard M; Smith, Jonathan D. HThis note investigates sedenion multiplication from the st andpoint of loop the- ory. New two-sided loops are obtained within the version of t he sedenions introduced by the second author. Conditions are given for the satisfactio n of standard loop-theoretical identities within these loops.Item SEARCH FOR BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM OKINAWA MARINE ORGANISMS -ISOLATION AND STRUCTURES OF THE COMPOUNDS WHICH INHIBIT THE DIVISION OF THE FERTILIZED SEA URCHIN EGGS(2005-09) NOSE, HOLLlNESS MANYAMAEthyl acetate extracts of 75 Okinawa marine organisms were screened by the fertilized sea urchin egg assay. Among them 51 specimens showed potent cytotoxity and 20 specimens exhibited moderate activity. The constituents of five marine organisms (three sponges, one soft coral and one alga) whose ethyl acetate extract displayed strong inhibition of various cleavages of fe11ilized sea urchin eggs were examined. Bioassay guided fractionation of these extracts led to the isolation of twelve compounds of which eight (1, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6) were new. The structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited the first cleavage of the fertilized sea urchin eggs at 1 ppm. Compounds 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B and 8 inhibited the development of the fertilized sea urchin eggs at the blastula stage.Item Towards effective self-help housing delivery: Contributions through network analysis in Nairobi,Kenya and Johannesburg,South Africa(2006) Omenya, Alfred OdhiamboThis thesis deals with self-help housing networks in Nairobi, Kenya and Johannesburg, South Africa. It starts bydiscussing some of the current manifestations and challenges of self-help housing in the two contexts. It locates these against neo-liberal development paradigms in Kenya and South Africa. It reviews some of the main theories and concepts that have been applied to understand self-help housing, arguing that there are many issues that these lenses fail to explain. Amongst these are the relationships amongst actors and the ways resources are exchanged in self-help housing. The thesis discusses some of the key resources used for self-help housing in Nairobi and Johannesburg, namely: land, finance, labour, materials and technology, and infrastructure and services. It develops a case for network analysis of these resources and actors in self-help housing. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of self-help housing networks in Nairobi and Johannesburg, based on empirical data. The three categories of networks analysed are: individual-based ego-centric networks; group-based networks of collective action; and content-of-ties-based networks of exchange. The study compares self-help housing networks in Nairobi and Johannesburg. On one hand, lack of the state intervention in Kenya has resulted in self-help housing in Nairobi being accessed almost exclusively through networks. On the other hand, state intervention in South Africa has resulted in weakening of ties within local groups and domination of state/market hierarchies in access to various self-help housing resources in Johannesburg. The major conclusion from this study is that, in both cities, networks remain a viable third way of provision of housing, in addition to (not instead of) housing production through state/market hierarchies and decentralised models. Networks tend to overcome lack of inclusion dominant in state/market hierarchies and lack of capacity, endemic in decentralised models. In terms of analysis, the study shows that network theories are relevant to understanding the operations of actors and access to resources in low-income housing, complementing sector-based understanding, which remains dominant in analysis of low-income housing today.Item THE E-GOVERNMENT ARTIFACT IN THE CONTEXT OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: TOWARDS A NOMADIC FRAMEWORK(2009) Muganda, Nixon OThis thesis is concerned with exploring alternative conceptualizations of the e-government artifact relevant to developing countries in Africa. The premise is that e-government, as an artifact of human conception, remains relatively poorly developed at the levels of theory, methodologies and practice. The investigation is focused on two problematic areas of e-government: its conceptualization and its operationalization as an artifact. There is evidence to suggest that conceptualization of e-government takes place at various levels : international, national, local. The thesis therefore explores how e- government is taking form by focusing on the following research question: "How is the e-government artifact conceptualized in the context of a developing country"? The analysis draws on various perspectives; some of which are grounded on empirical results of the study, while others are based on an analysis of literature. Under the alienating conditions of social exclusion, the emergent e-government artifact emerges as an evolving and technical artifact, with strong managerialist orientations of augmenting and reinforcing central governments control over its polity . To achieve this defining logic, the focus or ideology for addressing the social problem of governance is that of information Taylorism with an emphasis on economic rationality and some form of political rationality. Two consequences are highlighted: • an evolution of public administration towards a technocracy, and • increasing the efficiency of the bureaucracy through managerialization. To address the shortcomings of this artifact concept, the study further presents literature and insights from prior analyses to underpin a nomadic e-government model for building information infrastructures (NECE Framework). The emphasis of the framework is on the need to adopt long term organizing visions in building these infrastructures by focusing on using the existing installed base as a foundation. The nomadic framework, anchored on strong modular design borrowed from an information infrastructure perspective, is clustered around three major layers of building confident local communities ; building nomadic networks of governance and building flexible infrastructures . The 'glue', cementing these layers elevates a critical need for building social, human, digital and physical resources targeting the individuals, various organizing forms and formal institutions, services and physical infrastructure respectively. Such an approach to building an e-government information infrastructure is postulated to minimize the unintended negative social implications of its adoption.Item On the cycle indices of frobenious groups(2010) Munywoki, Michael; Kamuti, Ireri; Kivunge, BenardThere are several very useful formulas, which give the cycle indices of the binary operation of the sum, product, composition and po wer group of M and H in terms of cycle indices of M and H . One very useful binary operation on groups, which has not been exploited, is the semidirect product. Suppose G = M ⋊ H , a semi direct product; the question is: how can we express the cycle index of G in terms of the cycle indices of M and H ? This work partially answers this question by considering the cycle indices of so me particularly semidirect product groups; namely – Frobenious groupsItem LIMITATIONS IN THE CONVECTIONAL ISBN - 10 CODE(2012) Kamaku, Waweru; Mwathi, Cecilia; Kivunge, BernardThe I nternational S tandard B ook N umber system (ISBN - 10) which was in operation until 2007 uniquely identified every book published internationally but was later replaced with the ISBN - 13 . The code was had the ability to detect and correct single errors, to detect and correct some transposition errors and also d etect multiple errors. This paper discusses some major limitations in the code and shows how error detection and correction capabilities affected the total dictionary on the code. The paper then shows the great need that lead to the development of the ISBNItem A study of factors affecting the roles of teachers' advisory centres in Nyamira district.(2012) Okioma, Malack AtatiItem INDIGENOUS RAINMAKING PRACTICES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN WESTERN KENYA(2012-12-01) OMUHAMBE, BILHAThis study investigated the Indigenous rainmaking practices & implication on Climate Change in Western Kenya. The study particularly focused on the Nganyi clan of Bunyore which is a sub-ethnic group of the Abaluhya community living in Vihiga County. The study found out that climate in Western Kenya has changed drastically as a result of atmospheric changes.This change has affected the rainy seasons.. The specific objectives of the study were to: (a) investigate the prevalence, evidence, seriousness, and effects of climate change in Western Kenya;(b) analyse the local community’s response to the effects of climate change in Western Kenya; (c) identify and document indigenous rainmaking practices which can be used for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Western Kenya; (d) describe how the traditional rainmaking practices can be used to confront the consequences of climate change; and(e) explore strategies which can be used to mainstream traditional rainmaking in building climate change resilience in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Vision 2030 and the “Big 4” Agenda in Kenya. The research approach was qualitative. Primary data was collected through interviews using interview guides with open-ended questions. The population of the study were traditional rainmakers in Western Kenya and weather forecast experts from the Kenya Meteorological Department. Secondary data was collected through documentary analysis of relevant literature. Data was analysed qualitatively and used a case study design. The local community has responded to climate change by planting drought resistant crops that can withstand the changes, and planting trees to attract rainfall. Traditional rainmaking practices such as making of rain, prevention of rain from falling, and prediction of rain can be used to enhance the community’s capacity to adapt to and/or mitigate climate change effectively. Related knowledge of how to arrest lightning, thunderstorm and hailstorm can also be used to confront the consequences of climate change such as drought, , and overgrazing. Through traditional rainmaking, the community under study has been able to mitigate and adapt to the changes in climate to some extent. It is evident from the study that traditional rainmaking can contribute to food security, improved manufacturing through the provision of raw materials, healthy livelihood, social security, increased employment through sustainable agriculture, as well as safeguarding houses from thunder and floods. For this to happen, there is a need to mainstream traditional rainmaking in the national response to climate change through documenting, popularising and validating the practiceItem The Design and Use of AIDS- Posters in Kenya(2013) Pido, John Peter OdochThe hypothesis of this study is that differences in aesthetic and communication systems confound the efficacy of posters used in efforts to control IDV-AIDS in Kenya. The study is based on empirical observation of the apparent failure of AIDS education campaigns to influence risk-taking behavior. Applying the theories and principles of design education as a filter and an analytical tool, the study takes into account the models and practice of several disciplines including communication, health education and health care delivery. The lack of substantial success of the health education approach, in general, and posters, in particular in curbing AIDS in Kenya invites questions on the efficacy of posters as a medium of communication. The study focuses on the poster, and in so , doing takes into account various parameters including perception of disease, sexuality, and design for health education as well as aesthetics and communication systems. Using archival data, relevant literature in several disciplines, participant observation as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis of data gathered in the field, the study established that conflicts among various models impact negatively on the efficacy of posters rendering them more or less ineffective in the campaign against AIDS. The field sample consisted of seventy eight users of posters and eleven health Workers in Kisumu who were interviewed to find out their opinions on the effectiveness of posters in the fight against AIDS. In general, the concerned users think that posters are not effective in controlling HIV infection and the spread of AIDS in Kenya. A few selected posters were analyzed with views to advancing recommendations for improving on the design of AIDS-posters and heal the education in general. The conclusion of the archival, experiential and observational components of this study coupled with the data gathered by report from a surveys ampleist hat posters are an inappropriate and ineffective medium for communication about HIV/AIDS if the objective of that communication is to slow down,or halt the spread of the virusItem Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Free Convective Flow past an Infinite Vertical Porous Plate with Joule Heating(2013) Sigey, K. Johana; Okelo, A. Jeconia; Gatheri, K. Francis; Ngesa, O. JoelThis work addresses the problem of Magnetohydrodynamic laminar unsteady flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate. It investigates how joule heating affects the velocity and temperature profiles of the fluid flow subjected to transverse magnetic field. The research examines specific equations of MHD flow which are solved numerically by finite difference approximations, using computer programme. The numerical results of this study reveal that an increase in joules heating parameter causes an increase in the velocity and temperature profiles uniformly near the plate but remain constantly distributed away from the plate, implying that the flow field of the MHD free convective flow is influenced substantially by the strength of Joules heating near the wall of the plate and at the mainstreamItem An evaluation of the cadastral system in Kenya And a strategy for its modernization(2013) Wayumba, GordonABSTRACT - ': ,ladasfral system in Kenya was established in 1903 to support land alienation for the white .- ::s who had come into the country in the early part of the 20th Century. In the last hundred :--s. th€ system has remained more or less the same, where land records are kept in paper : .:r and majority of operations are carried out on a manual basis. The lack of a modern . .:-ral system has contributed to problems in land adminishation in the country. --= ,Jovernment has expressed the need to modernize the cadastral system in order to facilitate : . --r land administration, support the development of an integrated Land Information t:".:qement System and a National Spatial Data Infrastructure. However, one persistent : . - - ninator to these efforts has been the lack of strategies for such modernization. -" ! srudy set out to contribute to the solution of this problem through the following objectives; ; : -3tion of the current cadastral system in Kenya, identification and analysis of appropriate '--:,,.logies and strategies for modernization of the cadastral system in Keny4 and testing of ' = ; -:rability of the identified technologies and strategies in the cadastral system. ' : \lethods adopted included; administration of standard questionnaires to selected -. .:...lders, personal interviews, field observations and review of existing literature on cadastre" -' = rolder involvement in the study consisted of private and public sector Land Surveyors, - .3rs. Valuers, members of Co-operative organizations, and general users of cadastral ::-ation. ; :...lv also carried out field measurements with selected geospatial technologies in selected - s:res to assess their suitability in cadastral mapping and modelling. These technologies . - --l: Global Positioning System, high spatial resolution satellite imagery, and Geographical -,:tion System. Further work involved the development and testing a new cadastral model ' - : - n the Multi-Value Vector Maps approach and Smiths Normalization procedures. - ' : --lir results from the research are that; the administrative structure is bureaucratic, complex - - : . .:hly cenftalized; the cadastral processes are equally complex, duplicative and slow; and all : :Si€d technologies were found suitable for cadastral mapping and modelling, however, the : i ::;hrology lacks proper guidelines for application and calibration bases. :r:S of cadastral modelling, it was found that Smiths Normalization and Functional ;-r-r1c! Diagrams automatically produce fully Normalized Tables and successfully query . - .:iay of multi-parcel ownerships. The study also found out that a hyghbrid of Object- i: -' ,:.al database management system is better-suitable for the development of GlS-based , - - -,.::l databases than typical Relational or Object-Oriented models on their own. ' ': ::-Jy concludes that the main problem with the cadastral system in Kenya is lack of - - : --.-rtzation and decentralization, and therefore recommends for a complete decentralization -. :Jministrative system and implementation of a comprehensive computerization possibly - :he der.elopment of a Land Information System.Item THE ROLE OF KENYA NATIONAL LIBRARY SERVICES IN PROMOTING LIFELONG LEARNING THROUGH INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS(2015-06-25) NGANGA, FRANCIS G.Abstract In Kenya there is no lack of information, but the skills needed to search, select, use and evaluate information can vary from total lack of information retrieval skills to some level of literacy. Public libraries have rightfully staked their claim as gateways to participation in society through lifelong learning and information skills. This study investigated the role played by public libraries in promoting lifelong learning through information literacy skills and to come up with a framework for developing Information Literacy skills in KNLS. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the kind of information literacy programmes if any that have been put in place; establish how KNLS assist users in the promotion of lifelong learning through provision of information services; assess the adequacy of information literacy policies if any; determine how ICT can be applied in KNLS to promote access and use of information; identify the challenges preventing users from acquiring information literacy skills; propose an information literacy training framework to promote lifelong learning among the users of KNLS. The study was informed by the Big6 information literacy model. The research was a case study which employed survey research methods. The study was predominantly qualitative with some aspects of quantitative techniques. The sample comprised 120 users who were selected through convenient sampling and 30 informants comprising 25 librarians and 5 senior management officers who were selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, using qualitative techniques. The key findings of the study were: KNLS lacks a standardized information literacy programme; inadequate professional staff to promote lifelong learning; lack of information literacy training policies; the institution has not integrated ICT’s and internet connectivity in all its libraries and the heterogeneous nature of users affects information literacy training. The study concludes that there are some forms of information literacy training in the institution, however the training offered is not adequate to promote lifelong learning due to lack of standardized information literacy programmes and lack of information literacy policies. The study recommends that the institution should improve the information literacy programs and teaching methods; address human resource readiness to help in the promotion of lifelong learning; formulate information literacy training policies; integrate ICT and internet connectivity in all its branch libraries; explore alternative sources of funds; embrace attainment of online readiness and enhancement of capacity building for staff. The research also recommends a framework for developing information literacy skills whose components includes strategy, ICT infrastructure, users training, building partnership with local organizations and evaluation of the information literacy programs.Item SIMULATED MODELING: CONTRASTING Ca/Mg AND Mn+-NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER COMPETITIVE COMPLEXATION IN WATER(2015-07-20) Mbugua, JohnComplexing capacities of calcium and magnesium with natural organic matter (NOM)/selected organic chelating agents, in the presence and absence of other major and trace cations in water, were studied by anodic and cathodic square wave stripping voltammetry techniques (ASWSV and CSWSV). Under predetermined and optimized physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature and ionic strength), calcium-NOM complexation and competitive complexation by other elements of known concentration (Pb, Zn, and Cu) were determined. Voltammetric measurements showed competition between calcium and the other cations for the binding sites of humic substances at depositing, measuring and equilibrating potential of -2V and +1V and scan time of 150seconds. Two systems were complexed by known concentrations of NOM fractions (Humic acid (HA), 1, 2-dihydroxybenzene (CAT/catechol) and tannic acid (TA)): Mn+-NOM; Mn+ Calcium-NOM complexes at different pH conditions. Results show significant differences in peak currents in the order Mn+> Ca/Mn+-TA/HA/CAT > Mn2+ TA/HA/CAT but differed depending on the metal species, type of humic chelant and pH. Visual Minteq and PHREEQC simulations show differences in distribution of scale causing species such as Ca2+, CaOH+, Mg2+ and MgOH+ that are highly dependent on the pH and concentration. This paper presents results of part of the work aimed at providing simulated modeling alternatives in combating scaling as a consequence of cooling water used in industry. It equally provides an assurance on the re-use of the scarce water resources by simulated water experiments and modelsItem MODELING AND EVALUATION OF PLATFORM-LEVEL INTEROPERABILITY FOR MOBILE MONEY TRANSFER SYSTEMS(2015-07-29) Micheni, Elyjoy MuthoniTechniques to expedite money transfer have been perfected over time. The use of Mobile phone to transfer money as an alternative to existing traditional payment systems is one of the evolutions of mobile telephony. Mobile money services offer the most convenient means of transferring money and are constantly evolving and are predicted to become the number one choice for cashless transactions in emerging markets. However, despite these prospects, there are various challenges to the expansion of this technology, cross network money transfer being one of them. For example, it is not possible to directly transact money between the different mobile money service providers in Kenya seamlessly. Although the money will be finally transacted, one has to pass through several agents before being able to transact. The research study was aimed at developing a platform level interoperability model for mobile money transfer systems using the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) money transfer system as a reference model. The study used both qualitative and quantitative data from the four main mobile money providers in Kenya, M-Pesa, Airtel Money, Orange Money and Yu Cash to provide empirical evidence for the study. The study is grounded on two theories of interoperability. The first is Institutional Theory of interoperability which stipulates that organizations respond to pressures arising from both their external and internal business environments and adopt structures and practices that are accepted as appropriate organizational choices. The second one is the Interoperability Theory, which indicates that there is no single form or optimal amount of interoperability that will suit every circumstance and therefore, it should be allowed to evolve naturally. Data was collected using mainly a structured Questionnaire and face to face interview. The study used an interpretative exploratory research approach, simple random sampling to distribute the questionnaires and purposive sampling technique for the interview schedules. Qualitative and quantitative data collected was analyzed using both descriptive (frequencies, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Spearman’s rho and factor analysis). Expert opinion survey was used to develop the proposed interoperability model. The model was validated by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). The interoperability metric was developed based on ISO/IEC 15504-2 standard; the metric was applied to the four main mobile service providers. The model was successfully accepted by experts. The findings of this study are essential to the government in regulating mobile money and also form a basis for future development of interoperability of mobile money transfer systems.Item DECISION QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF PROCESS REDESiGN AS AN INTANGIBLE, BENEFIT ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT DECI SIONS(2015-07-31) Ndede-Amandi, Atieno A.IT investment decisions often focus on tangible costs and benefits such as technical, strategic, and financial issues. Less tangible benefits such as process redesign integration, bave been largely ignored. Decisions makers who rely solely on these tangible costs and benefits for their assessment of IT investment value without integrating intangible benefit consideration may be making sub-optimal decisions and investments. This study looked at rhe important, yet often overlooked, intangible benefits consideration in the IT investment decision process with particular focus on process redesign as an intangible benefit. Survey questionnaires were sent out to a sample of 949 firms in three industries: healthcare, chemical, and insurance to solicit information from the chief information officer (CIo) on the level at which they integrate process redesign consideration in the IT inr-eshnent decision. Several important findings resulted from this research effort. First, the study irm"nr;fied seven component factors of process redesign and used these factors to measure the M of process redesign integration into the IT investment decision. Second, the study mfirmed, empirically, that there was an association between the consideration of tangible and intangible benefits. Those firms that expend large effort or resources towards tangible benef,rts consideration also spend more effort or resources toward intangible benefits consideration than otherwise. Third, it was empiricaliy determined that certain process redesign benefit factors received greater consideration than others. Fourth, it was determined #mr decision makers considered tangible benefits to be more important than intangible hmefits consideration and expended a greater portion of effort or resources towards the mideration of the former. Finally, this study found that the strategic relevance of IT in an organization was associated with the level of effort or resource deployment towards intangible benefits. Additional areas for further research were also identified.